Using a MODIS Index to Quantify MODIS-AVHRRs Spectral Differences in the Visible Band

Spectral band differences are a critical issue for progressing into an integrated earth observation framework and in particular, in sensor intercalibration. The differences are currently normalized using spectral band adjustment factor (SBAF) that is generated from hyperspectral data. In this context, the current study proposes a method for calculating moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)-advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRRs) SBAF in the visible band, using the MODIS surface reflectance data. The method involves a uniform ratio index calculated using the MODIS 552-nm and 645-nm bands, and a sensor-specific quadratic equation, producing SBAF data at 500-m spatial resolution. The calculated SBAFs are in good agreement at site scale with literature reported data (relative error < 1.0%), and at local scale with Hyperion-derived data (total uncertainty ≈ 0.001), and significantly improve MODIS-AVHRR surface reflectance data consistency in the visible band (better than 1.0% reflectance units). The calculation is more sensitive to atmospheric effects over the vegetated areas. At global scale, MODIS-AVHRRs SBAFs are generally large (>1.0) over densely vegetated areas and extremely low over deserts and barren lands (0.96–0.98), indicative of large MODIS-AVHRRs differences. Deserts show temporally stable SBAF values, while still suffer from intra-annual BRDF effects and short-term cloud contamination. By means of daily MODIS data, the proposed method can produce ongoing SBAF data at a spatial scale that is comparable to AVHRRs. It increases the sampling of MODIS-AVHRRs image pairs for intercalibration, and offers insight into spectral band conversion, finally contributing to an integrated earth observation at moderate spatial resolutions.